20 Important Factors For Oily Water Separator Operation On Ships

Optimal performance of the Oily Water Separator is dependent on the knowledge of certain factors such as design, operation, bilge management and maintenance etc. For more information, read what factors affect oily water separator on ships?

In this article we shall discuss the various operational factors influencing performance of the Oily Water Separator.

Operational Factors

Correct operational knowledge is required for all machinery on ships to run properly and the Oily Water Separator is no exception. Marine engineers work with different types of Oily Water Separators through their sea career and each type has its own unique features.

Equipment specific knowledge is essential for the correct operation of oily water separator and can be learnt from the operational manual on board. However a generic knowledge is also required as the basic working principle is essentially the same.

An idea borrowed from existing shore technology, the Oily Water Separators for ships are designed to work properly under ideal conditions. However ships do not have ideal conditions, and therefore ship’s staff should consider the following operational factors which affect the performance of  Oily Water Separator on ships.

1. Avoid Emulsions: Emulsions are formed when the inter-facial tension between two liquids is reduced by certain means sufficiently to allow droplets of one liquid to disperse in another. Mechanical agitation, shearing forces, solvents, chemicals, surfactants and the presence of particulate matter can all reduce inter-facial tension and result in formation of emulsion.

2. Avoid Chemical emulsions:  The chemical emulsion is formed by the addition of some chemicals in the water. These chemicals act as surfactants and they hold the oil drops together in emulsified state.  The surfactants may be the detergents used for cleaning, alkaline chemicals used for boiler cleaning and conditioning etc.

3. Avoid secondary dispersion:  Mechanical emulsions are of primary and secondary types. The primary emulsions are larger drops of oil dispersed in water and are generally separated within 24 hours. The secondary emulsions are fine droplets of oil that are thermodynamically stable and do not separate. The secondary dispersion is caused by turbulent conditions.

4. Avoid suspended solids: Suspended solids cause stabilization of emulsion and cause problems in separation of the oil from the bilge water. Suspended solids can be mud, boiler soot and cargo residues sucked from the blowers. The suspended solids get coated with oil and stabilize the emulsion. Neutrally buoyant solids that neither rise nor fall are most troublesome as it is difficult to remove them. They also generate the high ppm alarm.

5. Avoid Turbulence: OWS needs laminar flow to operate optimally as per their design. Avoid using OWS in times of heavy rolling and keep all line valves fully open to avoid generating turbulence. Rolling motion, retrofitting on old pipelines and inadequate opening of the suction line valves can lead to turbulent flow inside the OWS with resulting fall in OWS capacity due to formation of emulsion. Sometimes due to turbulence some of the oil droplets become less than 8 microns and are affected by the random motion of the water particles. This random motion is called as Brownanian motion and it nullifies the forces of buoyancy and the oil drops fail to rise.

6. Avoid Particulate Matter: Fine particulate matter like soot, rust, microbial contamination of bilge water etc. also act as emulsifying agent. Although most of the soot of the boiler washing settles down in the bilge holding tank, fine soot particles (1μm or less) will give the bilge water a blackish appearance. These particulate matter will not only fool the ppm meter into activating the high ppm alarm but will also physically act as emulsifying agent

7. Optimal use of Chemicals: Sometimes it is required to use special chemicals called emulsion breakers to separate the oil from the water and release free oil. If emulsion breaker chemical is used, care should be taken that it is used as per the instructions given by the manufacturer emulsion does’t go worse. Sometimes putting more than the recommended amount can worsen the problem.

8. Restrict Drainage of Chemicals: Lot many chemicals are used in engine room for special purposes such as water conditioning, corrosion inhibition, rust removal, cleaning, degreasing etc. However care should be taken to collect these chemicals and disposing them properly. Allowing all kind of chemicals to run free into the bilges is not good housekeeping. More over the pH of water above 10 and below 4 can cause chemical emulsification.

9. Detergent Disposal: Detergents are used for mopping and soap washing of bulkheads and such areas. Generally these are the same detergents we use at home or ashore. These detergents act as surfactants and cause emulsion of oil in water. Disposing mop water separately or using quick break detergents would help significantly towards better separation.

10. Avoid prolonged storage: Prolonged storage of the bilge water causes modification in the nature of free oil. Normally oil water mixture when allowed to stand for some time (say 24 hours) separates into a layer of oil on top of water called as free oil. This free oil is easy to remove but long retention of the bilge water can cause modification in the properties of free oil due to oxidation and microbial action. If this modification occurs then it is difficult to remove the oil.

11. Do Proper Filtration: If there is large amount of solid particles, floating media, jute etc. in the bilge water, it should be properly removed using strainers to avoid fouling of the filter media.

12. Collect leakages: Ensure that minimum of oil reaches the bilge wells and if the oil quantity is more in a mixture (of oil and water) put it in separated oil tank.  Always remember that the Oily Water Separator is not a purifier.

13. Heat the influent:  Heating the influent reduces the viscosity of the continuous media causing better separation.

14. Segregation of Wastes:  Do not mix sludge and bilges. Even a bit of sludge can contaminate large amount of bilge water. In some ports even discharge of treated sewage is not permitted due to local regulation and therefore in absence of dedicated sewage holding tank, treated sewage is put in bilge holding tank. This should be avoided as it would be impossible to run the Oily Water Separator thereafter without cleaning the tank.

15. Fill up OWS prior use: Prior to operating the OWS and allowing the bilge water to enter always ensure that it is filled up with clean water and all air pockets have been removed. This is important as air pockets can confuse the capacitive sensors and can make automation go haywire.

16. Back Flush: Back flushing of the OWS should be done as per the recommended frequency given by the manufacturer if there is a provision for doing so as increases the life of the filter media.

17. Clean Sensors: Frequent cleaning of the electronic interface sensors would ensure the correct operation, proper oil removal and sharp cutting off ensuring less discharge of water to separated oil tank.

18. Remove Accumulated Oil: Apart from the automated oil removal any other accumulated oil should be removed from the OWS chambers regularly.

19. Proper Operating Procedure: Make sure that the operating procedure of OWS is followed in a proper step-by-step and systematic procedure.

20. Proper OWS Maintenance:  Needless to say proper maintenance of the OWS as per the instructions of the manufacturer would keep it ship shape.

The Basics of Troubleshooting Engine Room Machinery

For marine engineers working on ships, troubleshooting problems related to engine room machinery is the most important task they have to deal with on a daily basis.

We often get questions like – what is the best way to troubleshoot a machinery problem? And to be honest there is no one answer to such question. Technically, there are several aspects that play important roles toward solving a engine room machinery problem.

Though marine engineering training inculcates the very basics of maritime concepts, it is only through hands-on experience that marine engineers understand the vital techniques of engine room operation and maintenance. However, even both of these two factors together are not enough.

The process of troubleshooting ship’s machinery involves three important factors which are as follows:

- Requirement

- Approach

- Learning

Requirement

Though the art of troubleshooting cannot be learnt just from marine engineering books, bookish knowledge is equally important. As important as it is to learn solving machinery related issues of ships through experience and practical approach, it is equally essential for a seafarer to have a technical background along with following basic requirements:

- A marine engineering course to understand the basic marine machinery skills- A Diploma or Degree

- Practical training with real machinery- Ground or hands-on training in workshops, projects, onboard ships etc.

- Simulation training to enhance the problem solving capabilities

- Experience – As stated earlier, practical experience is the best teacher and one should never forget its importance

Approach

Though it is mandatory for a person to have all the “requirements” stated above in order to work on ships, those are also not enough. Fulfilling the requirements is just the first step towards successful troubleshooting. The right approach to learn and understand the machinery is one of the three important factors seafarers must consider for troubleshooting. A healthy approach involves:

- Knowing your machinery inside-out

- Learning starting and stopping procedures of engine room machinery thoroughly

- Reading the maker’s manual for a friendly interface and easy understanding, especially the troubleshooting points

- Understanding what makes machinery perform and what are the power sources that are used to operate? Take a look at important factors such as electricity, oil, water, air, temperature etc.

- Checking and knowing the basic parameters and comparing with previous records

- Checking for the most basic faults- malfunctioning of gauges and parameter display panels even when the components are working fine

- Identifying which parameter is abnormal

- Identifying which component or part of the machinery is in fault

- If identification of troubled component is not possible, start a reverse technique of ruling out the performing component and approaching the faulty one

- Once the component or reason is located, think logically as to where the fault lies – in the region in front or in some other area

- Identify wether other parts connected to the faulty component can be at trouble

- Rectify the problem once identified immediately

- Test the machinery for satisfactory performance

- If problem persists, check the same again and also track other connected parts

Know more about the right troubleshooting approach here. 

Learning

Seafarers often forget that troubleshooting is a continuous learning process. There is no stage such as “know-it-all”. There is something new to learn everyday even if one has years of sailing experience. So if sometimes someone is not able to solve a problem at hand, don’t be disappointed. Learn from the issue.

Learning from the last problem tackled always adds on to the experience which can be used for future troubleshooting situations. Once the problem is solved, it is better to discuss the same with your team to find other simpler way of tackling the same issue.

Recording the problem faced, the way it is approached and the method used for solving will not only be helpful in future but also serve as a useful resource for other engineers to solve similar situations quickly and easily.

While working in ship’s engine room, it’s of utmost importance to troubleshoot any problem in a fast and streamlined manner to ensure that the ship’s voyage schedule does not suffer. The above three factors together form the basics of troubleshooting engine room machinery problems.

Types of Exhaust Gas Boiler (EGB) Fires and Ways to Prevent Them

An Exhaust Gas Boiler is a type of heat recovering system on ships which allows the exhaust heat of the main engine to produce steam while going out in the atmosphere.

Every system, which is operated at high temperature, always has a risk of fire. This applies to EGB which has the inlet temperature of exhaust gases @ 300-400 deg. C. The most common type of Exhaust Gas Boiler (EGB) used on ships are water tube boilers.

In water tube type of arrangement, the water passes through tube stack, which is arranged in the path of exhaust gas inside the exhaust gas trunking of the main engine. The exhaust gas flows over the tube stacks and heats the water, thus producing steam.

The main constituent of the soot deposit is particulates but in addition, some unburnt residues of fuel and lubricating oils may be deposited in the boiler.

Soot deposit and fire in the EGB can be-

1. Due to the poor combustion of fuel in the main engine
2. Due to prolong slow steaming
3. Long maneuvering of the ship
4. Frequent starting and stopping of the engine
5. Poor grade of fuel oil/ cylinder oil
6. Low exhaust gas velocity passing the EGB
7. Low water inlet velocity in the water tubes
8. Low circulation water flow ratio

Types of Exhaust Gas / Soot fire in the Exhaust Gas Boiler (EGB)

For a better understanding, it is better to distinguish the EGB fire in stages rather than in types. EGB fires can be differentiated in two or three stages depending upon the intensity of fire.

Stage 1: Normal Soot fire

Stage 2: Hydrogen Fire

Stage 3: Iron Fire

Stage 1: Normal Soot Fire:

Soot is deposited in the water tube of the exhaust boiler. When the ship is at slow speed, the exhaust temperature of main engine may vary from 100 to 200 deg C. This temperature is enough to ignite “wet soot” whose ignition temperature is around 150 deg. C.

If the soot is “dry”, it will not get ignited at such low temperature (150 deg. C) but when the engine is running at higher speed and the temperature of gases reaches to above 300 deg. C, then in the presence of excess oxygen the deposits of combustible materials will liberate sufficient vapor, which can be ignited by a spark or a flame.

The above soot fires are called small or normal soot fire because the heat energy is conducted away by the circulating boiler water and steam. Also the sparks remain inside the funnel or diminish while passing through the flame arrestor in the funnel top.

Stage 2: Hydrogen Fire

Hydrogen fire in a EGB occurs when the chemical reaction of dissociation of water takes place at a temperature above 1000 deg. C. This leads to formation of Hydrogen (H2) and Carbon mono-oxide (CO) which are both combustible in nature.

2H2O= 2H2 + O2 (Dissociation of water Leading to formation of hydrogen-H2)

H 2 O + C =H 2 + C O (Reaction of water with carbon deposit leading to formation of carbon monoxide-CO)

Stage 3: Iron Fire

At this stage, the chain reaction of oxidation of iron metal starts at a high temperature of 1100 deg. C which means at such high temperature the tube will start burning itself, leading to complete meltdown of tube stacks.

2Fe + O2 2=FeO+ heat

It is strictly advisable not to use water or steam at this stage to fight the fire because the overheated iron will react with water to continue this reaction.

Fe + H2O =FeO+ H2 + heat

Steps for Prevention of Fire

• Avoid slow steaming of main engine
• Ensure good fuel combustion in the main engine
• Ensure fuel is treated and is of good quality while supplying to the engine
• Do regular soot blow of boiler tubes
• Do water washing in ports at regular interval
• Ensure design of exhaust trunk to be such to provide uniform heat to complete tube stack
• Pre-heated circulating water to be supplied to boiler mainly at the time of start up
• Circulating pump should not be turn off at any time while main engine is running
• Do not stop circulating pump for at least two hours after the main engine is stopped
• Start circulating pump prior to 2 hours before starting the main engine

How to Tackle EGB Fire?

The response for tacking EGB fire will be different for different stages.

When there is stage 1 fire, i.e. normal soot fire:

a) Stop the main engine, and thereby the oxygen supply to the fire

b) Continue operating the water-circulating pump. Never stop the pump

c) Never use soot blowers for fire fighting whatever type it is – Steam or Air as both will accelerate the effect of fire

d) Ensure all the exhaust valves in the stopped Main engine are in closed position so as to cut any chance of air supply to the soot fire

e) Cover the filter of turbocharger

f) Water washing, if fitted, may be used to extinguish the fire. This is normally connected to the ship’s fire fighting water system

g) External boundary cooling can be done

For Major Fire:

a) Stop the main engine, if it is not stopped already

b) Stop the circulating water pump.

c) Shut all the inlet and outlet valves on the water circulation line

d) Discharge the (remaining) water from the exhaust gas boiler sections by draining

e) Cool down with plenty of splash water directly on the heart of the fire (Take care not to splash water in other parts as water can accelerate the reaction)

10 Steps for Converting a Conventional Marine Propulsion Engine to an Intelligent Electronic Controlled Engine

With the evolution of GREEN shipping in the maritime industry, the machinery and equipment which drive the industry are seeing a myriad of changes for cutting down pollution and operating costs.

The main engine of the ship is probably seeing most number of changes. The conventional 2 stroke marine propulsion engine, a mechanical achievement of skilled engineering, is now been converted into new electronically controlled smart engine, providing instant adaptability of the engine process which benefits both marine environment and ship operators.bal recession and be in sync with the strict maritime pollution norms.

In this article we will take a look as to how a conventional marine propulsion engine is converted into an intelligent electronic controlled engine.

For the conversion, let’s take the most popular marine propulsion engines in the shipping industry, MAN diesel engines and Wartsila/ Sulzer engines.

10 steps for converting MAN MC Series mechanically controlled engine into MAN ME electronically controlled engine:

1.  Remove Camshaft and reversing attachments (fuel roller and starting air cams) from the engine.

2.  Remove Chain Drive of the engine.

3.  Remove Fuel pumps, Exhaust valve actuating gear (Pumps) and starting air distributor.

4.  Attach Cylinder control system in each unit (CCU) comprising of starting air control, electronic fuel injection control, and exhaust valve electronic actuation. The latter two systems are operated by Hydraulic Control Unit (HCU).

5.  Provide system oil at 200 bars for operating HCU of each cylinder unit via cylinder control system.

6.  Attach a common hydraulic oil supply unit.

7.  Attach a tacho system unit in the crankshaft which gives engine speed signal to CCU.

8.  All these added systems are controlled by electronic main operating panel via solenoid valves and electronic signals.

9.  Remove conventional cylinder lubrication system and replace it with Alpha Adaptive Cylinder Lubrication Control Unit (ACC).

10. Remove conventional Piston and replace it with OROS type modern piston.

Watch the Video:

10 steps for converting a conventional Wartsila/Sulzer RTA engine into RTFlex electronically controlled engine:

1.  Remove Camshaft along with reversing servomotor connections from the engine.

2.  Remove Gear drive from the engine.

3.  Remove Fuel pumps, Exhaust valve actuating gear (Pumps) and starting air distributor.

4.  Attach an exhaust valve actuation, starting air control and common rail platform with Volumetric Injection Control Unit.

5.  Provide system oil at 200 bars.

6.  Provide fuel oil to common rail at 1000 bar.

7.  Remove conventional Cylinder Lubrication system and replace it with Pulse type Lubrication Control Unit.

8.  Remove conventional piston and replace it with Jet shaker type modern piston with Sulzer Integrated Piston Wear Analysis (SIPWA) system.

9.  A Delta tuning control system instead of conventional fuel injection system for cutting of fuel supply to one or more unit at low load.

10. Install a Tribo Pack which is a combination of design features of combustion chamber components for increasing Time Between Overhaul (TBO).

Watch the Video:

These are the basic changes required to convert a conventional mechanical controlled engine in to an electronically controlled engine.

Do you know more ways to convert a Conventional Marine Propulsion Engine to an Intelligent Electronic Controlled Engine? Let us know.

What is a Metering Pump On board a Ship?

Metering pump, as the name suggests, is a type of pump which is used on ship to pump a precise volume of liquid. Metering pump can be adjusted to provide different flow rates. They are generally used when the precision of volume to be delivered is very important.

The marine application of metering pump is in the form of chemical dosing pumps, which is used to transfer precise amount of dosing chemicals, especially in boilers. They are also used for dosing chemical additives to protect corrosion in the cooling water system. It is to note that the amount of dosing has to be precise. Over dosing or under dosing may cause corrosion and other damages inside the boiler, which may end up in heavy repairs.

The metering pump is connected to the system in which the chemicals are injected with the help of valve in the pipeline. The pressure produced by this pump should be higher than the pressure in the pipeline, or else there will not be any dosing and the level of chemicals in the dosing tank will be the same.

The metering pumps consist of a small motor which moves the plunger, in and out of the barrel, to provide pressure in the system. The check valves are provided in the suction and discharge side of the pump. Since the pump is of the plunger type, metering pump is a positive displacement pump.

Points to Note

For a positive displacement pump, the relief valve has to be provided in the discharge line. The reason for this is that the liquid is incompressible and there is no space in the barrel to accommodate the pressed liquid. A high pressure is created if the discharge valve is closed or if there is any other restriction/blockage in the system. The high pressure might completely damage the pipes connected. For this reason a relief valve is connected in the discharge line and is set at a particular pressure. When the pressure rises, the relief valve opens and relieves the extra pressure, thus protecting the pipes.

Generally metering pumps are connected to the dosing pumps and the whole unit is known as the dosing unit. The relief valve is connected to the dosing pump, which releases the excess pressure back to the dosing tank.

Working of Metering Pump

As the plunger moves away from the suction valve, a vacuum is created inside the pump because of which makes liquid flow inside the pump. This closes the check valve closes and the plunger again starts moving towards the valves. The discharge valve then opens and supplies the liquid to the system.

The seal arrangement is provided at the end of the plunger i.e. towards the motor side so that no leak should take place.
The volume of the liquid supplied can be altered by altering the movement of the plunger inside the barrel. This is generally done by a small knob provided on the pump and which thus allows adjusting the percentage of liquid supplied.
When the knob is turned to increase or decrease the flow rate, it alters the movement of the plunger, which means that it moves less in the plunger rather than along the full length of the plunger. Because of this the liquid enters the chamber and changes the plunger position along with the flow rate.

Image Credit

Directindustry

Wikimedia

As a worldwide marine service agent, Ijin Marine Limited provides ship voyage repair, lifesaving inspection, fire-fighting inspection, radio inspection, and underwater hull cleaning, in more than 3000 ports of 100 countries. Below is a list of world's seaports, arranged by oceans and seas. Ijin has attended many jobs in some of them as below. The lifesaving equipment includes life boat, life raft, which is annually inspected accordingly to class requirement. Fire fighting equipment includes fire extinguisher (dry powder, CO2, foam, etc, hand type or wheeled type), firemen outfitting and cylinder, air breathing apparatus, EEBD, etc. Communication inspection includes GMDSS, AIS, SSAS, EPIRB, SVDR, VHF radio, etc. Underwater service includes inspection, hull cleaning, repairing, plugging, etc.

The list of jobs Ijin attending in the past.

M/V Changhang Xianghai, Turbarao, Brazil, Ship Store Supply

M/V Changhang Bohai, Kandle, India, Motor Rewinding

M/V Changhang An Hai, Amsterdam, Netherlands Or Holland, Store Supply

M/V CF Diamond, Vancouver, Canada, Oil Tank Repair For Life Boat

M/V CF Crystol, Vancouver, Canada, Hatch Cover Repair

M/V LR Lily, Kalimantan, Indonesia, Bearing Replacement For Crane

M/V Sky Jupiter, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, Provision And Ship Store Supply

M/V Sky Oceanus, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, Provision And Ship Store Supply

M/V Msc Sentosa, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, Provision And Ship Store Supply

M/V Man Hai, Jarkata, Indonesia, Life Raft Supply

M/V Jian Hua, Point Comfert, America, Ship Store Supply

M/V Long Hua, Dong Hae, Korea, Spare Part Delivery

M/V Xin Xiang An, Karaikal, India, Ship Store Supply

M/V Xin Bo Lin 3, Mumbai, India, Ship Store Supply

M/V Hui Tong 56, Belawan, Indonesia, Boiler Repair

M/V Zhe Hai 505, Aukland, New Zealand, Fire Fighting Equipment Inspection

M/V Zhe Hai 505, Vitoria, Brazil, Life Raft Inspection

M/V Zhe Hai 505, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Ship Store Supply

M/V Zhe Hai 505, San Lorenzo, Argentina, Ship Store Supply

M/V Da Xin Hua Li Shun, Ulsan, Korea, Fire Fighting, Life Saving And Gmdss Inspection

M/V Ratna Shalini, Gdansk, Poland, Gas Detector Calibration

M/V Cleantec, Casablanca, Morroco, Ship Store Supply

M/V Chang Hang An Hai, Taichuang, Taiwan, Auxiliary Engine Repair

M/V Chang Hang An Hai, Richard Bay, Australia, Ship Store Supply

M/V Rich Sino, Junk Bay Anchorage Of Hong Kong, Underwater Hulls Inspection, Pre Purchase.

Atlantic Ocean

List of ports and harbours of the Atlantic Ocean

Abidjan, Ivory Coast

Accra, Ghana

A Coruña, Spain

Port of Albany-Rensselaer, New York, United States

Bahía Blanca, Argentina

Coronel Rosales Partido, Argentina

General Belgrano, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Banana, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Barranquilla, Colombia

Belém, Brazil

Bergen, Norway

Bodø, Norway

Port of Boston, Massachusetts, United States

Botwood, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

Bridgetown, Barbados

Brunswick, Georgia, United States

Buenos Aires, Argentina

Calabar, Nigeria

Cabinda, Angola

Cádiz, Spain

Port Canaveral, Florida, United States

Cape May, New Jersey, United States

Cape Town, South Africa

Port of Casablanca, Morocco

Cayenne, French Guiana, France

Charleston, South Carolina, United States

Colón, Panama

Cork, Ireland

Dakar, Senegal

Douala, Cameroon

Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States

Ferrol, Spain

Freeport, Bahamas

Freetown, Sierra Leone

Fortaleza, Brazil

Galway, Ireland

Georgetown, Guyana

Port of Hafnarfjörður, Iceland

Port of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Hamilton, Bermuda

Hampton Roads, Virginia, United States

Harstad, Norway

Huelva, Spain

Jacksonville, Florida, United States

Lagos, Nigeria

Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain

Libreville, Gabon

Lisbon, Portugal

Lomé, Togo

Luanda, Angola

Malabo, Equatorial Guinea

Melford, Nova Scotia, Canada (proposed)

Port of Miami, Florida, United States

Monrovia, Liberia

Montevideo, Uruguay

Nantes, France

Narvik, Norway

Nassau, Bahamas

Port Newark, United States

Port of New York and New Jersey, United States

Paramaribo, Suriname

Pecém, Brazil

Port of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

Port Everglades, Florida, United States

Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Portland, Maine, United States

Porto, Portugal

Porto Alegre, Brazil

Quequén, Argentina

Recife, Brazil

Reykjavík, Iceland

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Salvador, Brazil

San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States

Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain

Port of Santos near São Paulo, Brazil

Port of Savannah, Georgia, United States

St. Augustine, Florida, United States

Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada

Sept-Îles, Quebec, Canada

Setúbal, Portugal

Sines, Portugal

Stornoway, Scotland, United Kingdom

Shannon/Foynes, Ireland

St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

Tangier, Morocco

Tromsø, Norway

Trondheim, Norway

Port of Vigo, Spain

Vitória, Brazil

Walvis Bay, Namibia

Wilmington, Delaware, United States

Wilmington, North Carolina, United States

Ålesund, Norway

Paranaguá, Brazil

São Francisco do Sul, Brazil

Itajaí, Brazil

Porto Velho, Brazil

Santos, Brazil

Itapoá, Brazil

Adriatic Sea

Ancona, Italy

Port of Bar, Montenegro

Bari, Italy

Budva, Montenegro

Port of Durrës, Albania

Port of Koper, Slovenia

Port of Pescara, Italy

Port of Ploče, Croatia

Port of Rijeka, Croatia

Shën Gjin, Albania

Port of Split, Croatia

Port of Trieste, Italy

Venice, Italy

Port of Vlorë, Albania

Ravenna, Italy

Monfalcone, Italy

Chioggia, Italy

Porto Marghera, Italy

Aegean Sea

Alexandroupolis, Greece

Bodrum, Turkey

Chalcis, Greece

Chios, Greece

Eleusina, Greece

Heraklion, Crete, Greece

İzmir, Turkey

Kavala, Greece

Kuşadası, Turkey

Laurium, Greece

Mytilene, Greece

Piraeus, Greece

Rhodes, Greece

Thessaloniki, Greece

Volos, Greece

Azov Sea

Azov, Russia

Berdiansk, Ukraine

Mariupol, Ukraine

Taganrog, Russia

Yeysk, Russia

Baltic Sea

List of Ports of the Baltic Sea.

Bay of Biscay

Avilés, Spain

Bayonne, France

Burela, Spain

Port of Bilbao, Spain

Bordeaux, France

Brest, France

El Musel, Gijón, Spain

Pasaia, Spain

La Rochelle, France

Les Sables-d'Olonne, France

Santander, Spain

Black Sea

Batumi, Georgia

Bilhorod, Ukraine

Burgas, Bulgaria

Illichivsk, Ukraine

Mangalia, Romania

Midia, Năvodari, Romania

Novorossiysk, Russia

Odessa, Ukraine

Poti, Georgia

Port of Constanţa, Romania

Giurgiulesti International Free Port, Moldova

Port of Erdemir, Turkey

Port of Varna, Bulgaria

Samsun, Turkey

Sevastopol, Ukraine

Sukhumi, Georgia

Trabzon, Turkey

Yuzhny, Ukraine

Caribbean Sea

Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, France

Belize City, Belize

Bridgetown, Barbados

Port of Cabo Rojo, Dominican Republic

Cartagena, Colombia

Chetumal, Mexico

Colón, Panama

Fort-de-France, Martinique, France

La Guaira, Venezuela

Guanta, Venezuela

Guantánamo, Cuba

Kingston, Jamaica

Limón, Costa Rica

Maracaibo, Venezuela

Oranjestad, Aruba, Netherlands

Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France

Ponce, Puerto Rico, United States

Port-au-Prince, Haiti

Port Caucedo, Dominican Republic

Port Rio Haina, Dominican Republic

Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago

Puerto Barrios, Guatemala

Puerto Cabello, Venezuela

Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic

Puerto Castilla, Honduras

Puerto Cortés, Honduras

Roatán, Honduras

Santiago de Cuba, Cuba

Port of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

Santo Tomás de Castilla, Guatemala

Willemstad, Curaçao, Netherlands

Chesapeake Bay

Baltimore, United States

Norfolk, Virginia, United States

Salisbury, Maryland, United States

English Channel

Caen (Ouistreham), France

Calais, France

Cherbourg, France

Dieppe, France

Port of Dover, United Kingdom

Le Havre, France

Port of London, United Kingdom

Dunkerque(Duinkerken), France

Newhaven, United Kingdom

Ostend, Belgium

St. Peter Port, Guernsey, United Kingdom

Portland Harbour, United Kingdom

Portsmouth, United Kingdom

Plymouth, United Kingdom

Ramsgate, United Kingdom

Saint-Malo, France

Shoreham-by-Sea, United Kingdom

Port of Southampton, United Kingdom

Great Lakes

Port of Montreal, Canada

Buffalo, New York, United States

Burns Harbor / Portage, Indiana, United States

Port of Chicago, Illinois, United States

Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Detroit, Michigan, United States

Duluth, Minnesota, United States

Erie, Pennsylvania, United States

Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States

Port of Montreal, Canada

Nanticoke, Ontario, Canada

Oshawa, Ontario, Canada

Port of Oswego Authority, New York, United States

Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada

Two Harbors, Minnesota, United States

Toledo, Ohio, United States

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada

Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, United States

Irish Sea

Barrow-in-Furness, England

Belfast, Northern Ireland

Cairnryan, Scotland

Cardiff, Wales

Douglas, Isle of Man

Drogheda, Ireland

Dublin, Ireland

Dún Laoghaire, Ireland

Dundalk, Ireland

Ellesmere, England

Fishguard, Wales

Fleetwood, England

Garston, England

Glasgow, Scotland

Heysham, England

Holyhead, Wales

Larne, Northern Ireland

Liverpool, England

Milford Haven, Wales

Mostyn, Wales

Pembroke Dock, Wales

Rosslare Europort, Ireland

Runcorn, England

Stranraer, Scotland

Swansea, Wales

Sea of Marmara

Istanbul, Turkey

İzmit, Turkey

Tekirdağ, Turkey

Mediterranean Sea

Adana, Turkey

Alexandria, Egypt

Algeciras, Spain

Al Hoceima, Morocco

Algiers, Algeria

Almería, Spain

Antalya, Turkey

Port of Ashdod, Israel

Barcelona, Spain

Bardia, Libya

Beirut, Lebanon

Benghazi, Libya

Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy

Cartagena, Spain

Ceuta, Spain

Chalcis, Greece

Civitavecchia, Italy

Corinth, Greece

Datca, Turkey

Fethiye, Turkey

Genoa, Italy

Gibraltar (British Overseas Territory)

Gioia Tauro, Italy

Grand Harbour, Malta

Iskenderun, Turkey

Port of Haifa, Israel

Larnaca, Cyprus

Latakia, Syria

Leghorn, Italy

Limassol, Cyprus

Málaga, Spain

Marmaris, Turkey

Marseille, France

Melilla, Spain

Mersa Matruh, Egypt

Mersin, Turkey

Messina, Sicily, Italy

Misrata, Libya

Nador, Morocco

Naples, Italy

Oran, Algeria

Palma de Mallorca, Spain

Palermo, Sicily, Italy

Patras, Greece

Piraeus, Greece

Port Said, Egypt

Sidon, Lebanon

Tangier, Morocco

Tarragona, Spain

Tel Aviv, Israel

Thessaloniki, Greece

Tétouan, Morocco

Tripoli, Lebanon

Tripoli, Libya

Tunis, Tunisia

Valencia, Spain

Gulf of Mexico

Port of Beaumont, Texas, United States

Campeche, Mexico

Ciudad del Carmen, Mexico

Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, Mexico

Port Corpus Christi, Texas, United States

Galveston, Texas, United States

Gulfport, Mississippi, United States

Havana, Cuba

Port of Houston, Texas, United States

Intracoastal City, Louisiana, United States

Lake Charles, Louisiana, United States

Louisiana Offshore Oil Port, Louisiana, United States

Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico

Matanzas, Matanzas, Cuba

Port of Mobile, Alabama, United States

Port of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States

Panama City, Florida, United States

Pensacola, Florida, United States

Plaquemines Port, Louisiana, United States

Port Fourchon, Louisiana, United States

Progreso, Mexico

Port of Tampa, United States

Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico

Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico

North Sea

List of North Sea ports

Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom

Port of Amsterdam, Netherlands

Port of Antwerp, Belgium

Blyth, England, United Kingdom

Bremerhaven, Germany

Bremen, Germany

Port of Bruges-Zeebrugge, Belgium

Cuxhaven, Germany

Delfzijl, Netherlands

Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom

Eemshaven, Netherlands

Emden, Germany

Esbjerg, Denmark

Port of Felixstowe, United Kingdom

Flotta, Scotland, United Kingdom

Port of Ghent, Belgium

Gothenburg, Sweden

Grimsby, United Kingdom

Port of Hamburg, Germany

Harwich International Port, England, United Kingdom

Immingham, England, United Kingdom

Hull, England, United Kingdom

Kristiansand, Norway

Leith, Scotland, United Kingdom

Port of London, England, United Kingdom

Middlesbrough, England, United Kingdom

Newcastle, England, United Kingdom

Oostende, Belgium

Oslo, Norway

Port of Rotterdam, Netherlands & Europoort

Stavanger, Norway

Terneuzen, Netherlands

Sullom Voe, Scotland, United Kingdom

Sunderland, England, United Kingdom

Thamesport, Isle of Grain, England, United Kingdom

Port of Tilbury, England, United Kingdom

Vlissingen, Netherlands

Wilhelmshaven, Germany & JadeWeserPort

Ålesund, Norway

Øresund

Copenhagen, Denmark

Helsingborg, Sweden

Malmö, Sweden

Ottawa River/Saint Lawrence River

Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Quebec City, Quebec, Canada

Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada

Bécancour, Quebec, Canada

Gulf of Paria

Pedernales, Venezuela

Point Lisas, Trinidad and Tobago

Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago

Scarborough, Trinidad and Tobago - since 1991

Tyrrhenian Sea

Civitavecchia, Italy

Naples, Italy

Livorno, Italy

Arctic Ocean

List of ports and harbours of the Arctic Ocean

Akureyri, Iceland

Arkhangelsk, Russia

Barrow, Alaska, United States

Belomorsk, Russia

Churchill, Manitoba, Canada

Dikson, Russia

Dudinka, Russia

Hammerfest, Norway

Honningsvåg, Norway

Kandalaksha, Russia

Igarka, Russia

Kirkenes, Norway

Murmansk, Russia

Naryan-Mar, Russia

Severomorsk, Russia

Tiksi, Russia

Pevek, Russia

Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, United States

Vardø, Norway

Vitino, Russia

Indian Ocean

List of ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean

Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Cochin, Kerala, India

Colombo, Sri Lanka

Port of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

Durban, South Africa

Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia

Haldia, West Bengal, India

Jakarta, Indonesia

Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India

Krishnapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Kandla, Gujarat, India

Port of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan

Mundra, Gujarat, India

Mangalore, Karnataka, India

Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Maputo, Mozambique

Mogadishu, Somalia

Port of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Paradeep, Odisha, India

Portland, Victoria, Australia

Port Hedland, Western Australia, Australia

Port Elizabeth, South Africa

Port Lincoln, South Australia, Australia

Port Louis, Mauritius

Port Pirie, South Australia, Australia

Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India

Richards Bay, South Africa

Mombasa, Kenya

Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Port of Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India

Gulf of Aden

Aden, Yemen

Berbera, Somalia

Mukalla, Yemen

Port of Djibouti, Djibouti

Arabian Sea

Gwadar Port, Gwadar, Balochistan, Pakistan

Karachi Port, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan

Keti Bandar, Sindh, Pakistan

Port Qasim, Sindh, Pakistan

Port of Ormara, Ormara, Balochistan, Pakistan

Port of Pasni, Pasni, Balochistan, Pakistan

Mundra Port, Gujarat, India

New Mangalore port, Karnataka, India

INS Kadamba, Karnataka, India

Cochin Port, Kerala, India

Kandla Port, Gujarat, India

Mormugão, Goa, India

Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Al Duqm Port & Drydock, Duqm, Al Wusta Region, Oman

Port of Salalah, Salalah, Dhofar Governorate, Oman

Port of Bushehr, Bushehr Province, Iran

Bandar-Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran

Bay of Bengal

Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, India

Chittagong Port, Chittagong Bangladesh

Ennore, Tamil Nadu, India

Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India

Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Mongla Port, Khulna, Bangladesh

Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India

Paradeep, Odisha, India

Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India

Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Gangavaram Port, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dhamra, Odisha, India

Gopalpur, Odisha, India

Hooghly River

Haldia, West Bengal, India

Port of Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Strait of Malacca

Johor Port, Malaysia

Port Klang, Malaysia

Northport

West Port

Southpoint

Penang, Malaysia

Port of Singapore, Singapore

Tanjung Langsat Port, Johor, Malaysia

Port of Tanjung Pelepas, Malaysia

Gulf of Martaban

Yangon, Myanmar

Sea of Oman

Port of Chabahar, Iran

Port Sultan Qaboos, Muttrah, Muscat Governorate, Oman

Port of Sohar, Sohar, Dhofar Governorate, Oman

Khawr Fakkan, Sharjah, UAE

Gwadar Port, Balochistan, Pakistan

Chingari Port, Sindh, Pakistan

Persian Gulf

Bandar Abbas, Iran

Bandar Imam Khomeini, Iran

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

Doha, Qatar

Dubai, UAE

Hamriyah Port, Sharjah, UAE

Khafji, Saudi Arabia

Khobar, Saudi Arabia

Shuwaikh port, Kuwait

Jebel Ali, Dubai, UAE

Jubail, Saudi Arabia

Khalifa Bin Salman Port, Hidd, Bahrain

Mina Salman Port, Manama, Bahrain

Ras Tanura, Saudi Arabia

Port Phillip

Geelong, Victoria, Australia

Port of Melbourne, Australia

Red Sea

Aqaba, Jordan

Ain Sokhna, Egypt

Asseb, Eritrea

Djibouti City, Djibouti

Dubai, Saudi Arabia

Port of Eilat, Israel

Farasan (city), Saudi Arabia

Hurghada, Egypt

Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Jizan, Saudi Arabia

Massawa, Eritrea

Port Sudan, Sudan

Rabigh, Saudi Arabia

Suez, Egypt

Yanbu, Saudi Arabia

Pacific Ocean

List of ports and harbours of the Pacific Ocean

Acapulco, Mexico

Auckland, New Zealand

Aurora, Philippines

Buenaventura, Colombia

Cabo San Lucas, Mexico

Cagayan Freeport, Philippines

Caldera, Puntarenas, Costa Rica

Callao, Peru

Corinto, Nicaragua

Port of Davao, Philippines

Port of Ensenada, Mexico

Eureka, California, United States on Humboldt Bay

Fraser Port, British Columbia, Canada

Guayaquil, Ecuador

Port of Hong Kong, People's Republic of China

Honolulu, Hawaii, United States

Iquique, Chile

Port of Kobe, Japan

Legazpi, Philippines

Port of Long Beach, California, United States

Port of Los Angeles, California, United States

Lyttelton, New Zealand

Napier, New Zealand See also: Port of Napier

Mazatlán, Mexico

Panama City, Panama

Port Chalmers, New Zealand

Port Hueneme, California, United States

Puerto Montt, Chile

Port of Napier, New Zealand

Port of Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada

Puerto Vallarta, Mexico

San Antonio, Chile

Port of San Diego, California, United States

Surigao, Philippines

Tabaco, Philippines

Tauranga, New Zealand

Timaru, New Zealand

Valparaíso, Chile

Viña del Mar, Chile

Wellington, New Zealand

Port of Yokohama, Japan

Sai Gon New Port, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

Columbia River

Port of Longview, Washington, United States

Port of Portland, Oregon, United States

Drake Passage, Beagle Channel and Strait of Magellan

Puerto Williams, Chile

Punta Arenas, Chile

Ushuaia, Argentina

Sacramento–San Joaquin rivers

Sacramento, California, United States

Gulf of Alaska

Port of Anchorage, Alaska, United States

Juneau, Alaska, United States

Arafura Sea

Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia

Bering Strait

Nome, Alaska, United States

Bohai Sea

Tianjin, People's Republic of China

Dongying, People's Republic of China

Qinhuangdao, People's Republic of China

Jinzhou, People's Republic of China

Yingkou, People's Republic of China

Hangu, People's Republic of China

Gulf of Carpentaria

Weipa, Queensland, Australia

Coral Sea

Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia

Port of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Gladstone, Queensland, Australia

Hay Point, Queensland, Australia

Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea

Townsville, Queensland, Australia

East China Sea

Ningbo, People's Republic of China

Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Keelung, Taiwan

Gulf of Thailand

Bangkok, Thailand

Laem Chabang, Thailand

Sihanoukville Autonomous Port, Kingdom of Cambodia

Korea Bay

Dalian, People's Republic of China

Lushun/Lushunkou, People's Republic of China

Namp'o, North Korea

Sinǔiju, North Korea

Yangtze River / Changjiang

Chongqing, People's Republic of China

Port of Shanghai, People's Republic of China

Wuhan, People's Republic of China

Gulf of California

Port of Pichilingue/La Paz, Mexico (UNESCO Whale Sactuary and Bio-Reserve)

Sea of Japan

Port of Busan, South Korea

Rason, North Korea

Hungnam, North Korea

Gangneung, South Korea

Nakhodka, Russia

Vladivostok, Russia

Vostochny, Russia

Wonsan, North Korea

Puget Sound/Strait of Georgia

Port of Vancouver, Canada

Port of Bellingham, Washington, United States

Port of Everett, Washington, United States

Port of Seattle, Washington, United States

Surrey, British Columbia, Canada

Port of Tacoma, Washington, United States

Port of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

San Francisco Bay

Port of Oakland, California, United States

Port of Redwood City, Redwood City, California, United States

Richmond, California, United States

San Francisco, California, United States

Vallejo, California, United States

Stockton, California, United States

Pittsburg, California, United States

South China Sea

Batangas, Philippines

Cam Ranh, Vietnam

Cebu, Philippines

Da Nang, Vietnam

Hai Phong, Vietnam

Iloilo, Philippines

Ka-Ho, Macau (People's Republic of China)

Kemaman Port, Terengganu, Malaysia

Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon port), Vietnam

Port of Kaohsiung, Republic of China (Taiwan)

Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Kuantan Port, Pahang, Malaysia

Kuching Port, Sarawak, Malaysia

Miri Port, Sarawak, Malaysia

Rejang Port, Sarawak, Malaysia

Bintulu Port, Sarawak, Malaysia

Kwai Chung, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China

Port of Manila, Philippines

Muara Port, Brunei

Puerto Princesa, Philippines

Port of Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China

Subic Bay, Philippines

Tuen Mun, Hong Kong People's Republic of China

Van Phong, Vietnam

Yantian, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China

Zamboanga, Philippini

Pearl River / Zhujiang

Port of Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China

Tasman Sea

Botany Bay (Port Botany), New South Wales, Australia* Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

Nelson, New Zealand

Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

New Plymouth, New Zealand

Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), New South Wales, Australia

Port Kembla, New South Wales, Australia

Yellow Sea

Haenam, South Korea

Port of Incheon, South Korea

Qingdao, People's Republic of China

Rizhao, People's Republic of China

Tianjin, People's Republic of China

Weihai, People's Republic of China